Nano and Microparticles as Potential Oral Vaccine Carriers and Adjuvants Against Infectious Diseases

Mucosal surfaces are the first site of infection for most infectious diseases and oral vaccination can provide protection as line defense. Unlike systemic administration, immunization stimulate cellular humoral immune responses at both mucosal levels to induce broad-spectrum long-lasting immunity. Therefore, design a successful vaccine, it is essential well responses. Successful vaccines need overcome harsh gastrointestinal environment such extremely low pH, proteolytic enzymes, bile salts permeability immunogenicity vaccines. In recent years, several delivery systems adjuvants have been developed improving vaccine immunogenicity. Formulation with nanoparticles microparticles shown improve antigen stability, availability adjuvanticity immunostimulatory capacity, target specific release. This review discusses how (NPs) (MPs) carriers adjuvant characteristics be beneficial in development.